Alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder. To date, the diagnosis of PD relies mainly on clinical manifestations whereas neuropathological confirmation of the brain is only possible with postmortem studies. Neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) associated with Lewy bodies/neurites is the pathological hallmark feature of PD. The major component of Lewy pathology (LP) is misfolded alpha-synuclein (α-SYN). There is evidence that the distribution of LP is not only limited to the brain but extending to peripheral tissues, including gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, olfactory mucosa, skin, retina, adrenal gland and heart. Sensitivity and specificity of α-SYN detection in PD vary greatly among studies due to methodological heterogeneity, such as sampling sites and size, tissue preparation, staining techniques and antibodies used. Of note, α-SYN has also been found in preclinical and prodromal PD. Further in vivo studies focusing on favorable biopsy sites and standard techniques are needed to get better understanding of α-SYN deposits in preclinical, prodromal and clinical PD.