Differentiating between malignant and benign solid solitary pulmonary lesions: are intravoxel incoherent motion and diffusion kurtosis imaging superior to conventional diffusion-weighted imaging?

Objective To quantitatively compare the diagnostic values of various diffusion parameters obtained from mono- and biexponential diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) models and diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in differentiating between benign and malignant solitary pulmonary lesions (SPLs). Methods Multiple b-value DWIs and DKIs were performed in 89 patients with SPL by using a 3-T magnetic resonance (MR) imaging unit. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of various b-value sets, true diffusivity (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), perfusion fraction (f), apparent diffusional kurtosis (K app ), and kurtosis-corrected diffusion coefficient (D app ) were calculated and compared between the malignant and benign groups using a Mann-Whitney U test. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed for all parameters. Result The ADC (0, 150) values of malignant tumors were lower than those of the benign group ( p = 0.01). The ADC (0, 300) , ADC (0, 500) , ADC (0, 600), ADC (0, 800) , ADC (0, 1000), ADC total , D, and D app of malignant tumors were significantly lower than those of benign lesions (all p < 0.001). D*, f, and K app showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. ADC total showed the highest area under the curve (AUC = 0.862), followed by ADC (0, 800) (AUC = 0.844), ADC (0, 600) (AUC = 0.843), D(AUC = 0.834), ADC (0, 1000) (AUC = 0.834) and ADC (0, 500) (AUC = 0.824), D app (AUC = 0.796), and ADC (0, 300) (AUC = 0.773). However, the difference in diagnostic efficacy among these parameters was not statistically significant ( p > 0.05). Conclusion Intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) and DKI-derived parameters have similar performance compared with conventional ADC in differentiating SPLs. Key Points • Mono- and biexponential DWI and DKI are feasible for differentiating SPLs. • ADC (0, ≥500) has better performance than ADC (0, <500) in assessing SPLs. • IVIM and DKI have similar performance compared with conventional DWI in differentiating SPLs.