Resident female Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus fight to exclude settlement by secondary females

In systems with bi-parental care, sexual conflict theory states that a transition from monogamy to polygyny should increase fitness prospects for males and reduce fitness prospects of resident females. Behavioural observations of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus suggested that resident females try to monopolize their breeding resources by attacking females prospecting for secondary status, and males commonly respond by intervening on behalf of the prospecting females. In four territories the resident females successfully defended their monogamous status, in nine territories the resident females made at least one successful eviction before being forced to accept polygyny and in nine territories observed eviction attempts were unsuccessful. These observations indicate that mating status in Northern Lapwings is partly determined by the competitive ability of resident females.