Pseudo-Pelger–Huët anomaly and granulocytic dysplasia associated with human granulocytic anaplasmosis

Pseudo-Pelger–Huët anomaly (PHA) refers to mono- or bi-lobed granulocytes, reportedly observed in patients with severe infections and inflammation or hematological malignancies including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Dysplastic changes in granulocytes are typical manifestations in MDS and granulocytic leukemias. Here, we report the unique case of a patient found to have human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), a tick-borne disease caused by Anaplasma phagocytophilum , a Gram-negative coccobacillus. This patient showed striking hematological manifestations including a large number of pseudo-PHA, a severe degree of left shift, and dysplastic granulocytes. These hematological presentations on the peripheral smear all resolved with doxycycline treatment, implying that the changes were most likely reactive manifestations secondary to HGA, rather than underlying hematological malignancies such as MDS or AML.