Tyrosine phosphorylation translocates beta-catenin from cell-->cell interface to the cytoplasm, but does not significantly enhance the LEF-1-dependent transactivating function.

β-catenin plays an essential role in cells, not only as a cadherin-associated complex, but also as a signaling molecule in the nucleus. Tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin has been shown to correlate with tumorigenesis, cell migration, and developmental processes. However, its exact effects on downstream targets in the nucleus are not yet clear. In this study, we used HCT-15 colon carcinoma and NIH 3T3 fibroblasts as models to investigate the effects of a phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTPase) inhibitor on the localization of β-catenin, the binding affinity to LEF-1 (Lymphoid Enhancer Factor), and on LEF-1-dependent transactivation function. Treatment with a PTPase inhibitor, pervanadate, increased the tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin in a time-dependent manner and led to its relocation from cell–cell interfaces to the cytoplasm. This phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of β-catenin does not require its presence at cell–cell interfaces. However, tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin does not change its binding affinity to LEF-1 nor enhance cyclin D1 transactivation, a nuclear target of β-catenin/LEF-1. This result suggests that tyrosine phosphorylation of β-catenin has effects on the binding to cadherins in the cytoplasm but not on its LEF-1-dependent transactivating function in the nucleus.