Ligand-induced internalization of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor independent of recognized signaling activity.

Cawston EE, Harikumar KG, Miller LJ. Ligand-induced internalization of the type 1 cholecystokinin receptor independent of recognized signaling activity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 302: C615-C627, 2012. First published November 2, 2011; doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00193.2011.-Receptor ligands, identified as antagonists, based on the absence of stimulation of signaling, can rarely stimulate receptor internalization. D-Tyr-Gly-[(Nle(28,31), DTrp(30)) CCK-26-32]-2-phenylethyl ester (D-Trp-OPE) is such a ligand that binds to the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor and stimulates internalization. Here, the molecular basis of this trafficking event is explored, with the assumption that ligand binding initiates conformational change, exposing an epitope to direct endocytosis. Ligand-stimulated internalization was studied morphologically using fluorescent CCK and D-Trp-OPE. D-Trp-OPE occupation of Chinese hamster ovary cell receptors stimulated internalization into the same region as CCK. Arrestin-biased action was ruled out using morphological translocation of fluorescent arrestin 2 and arrestin 3, moving to the membrane in response to CCK, but not D-Trp-OPE. Possible roles of the carboxyl terminus were studied using truncated receptor constructs, eliminating the proline-rich distal tail, the serine/threoninerich midregion, and the remainder to the vicinal cysteines. None of these constructs disrupted D-Trp-OPE-stimulated internalization. Possible contributions of transmembrane segments were studied using competitive inhibition with peptides that also had no effect. Intracellular regions were studied with a similar strategy using coexpressing cell lines. Peptides corresponding to ends of each loop region were studied, with only the peptide at the carboxyl end of the third loop inhibiting D-Trp-OPE-stimulated internalization but having no effect on CCK-stimulated internalization. The region contributing to this effect was refined to peptide 309-323, located below the recognized G protein-association motif. While a receptor in which this segment was deleted did internalize in response to D-Trp-OPE, it exhibited abnormal ligand binding and did not signal in response to CCK, suggesting an abnormal conformation and possible mechanism of internalization distinct from that being studied. This interpretation was further supported by the inability of peptide 309-323 to inhibit its D-Trp-OPE-stimulated internalization. Thus the 309-323 region of the type 1 CCK receptor affects antagonist-stimulated internalization of this receptor, although its mechanism and interacting partner are not yet clear.