Propagation of ELF Electromagnetic Waves in the Lower Ionosphere

In this paper, propagation of ELF electromagnetic waves in the lower ionosphere is treated analytically. Because of the fact that the lower ionosphere varies greatly with the height, the lower ionosphere is regarded as a horizontally stratified anisotropic plasma for ELF electromagnetic waves. Especially, in the analysis and computation the effects by heavy ions are considered. Finally, some new numerical results and discussions are also given.