Hydrogen bonding between solvation shells around gd3+ from cooperative vibronic spectra

Cooperative vibronic spectra involving Gd 3+ electronic transitions and the vibrational transitions of nearby water molecules are used to determine the stretching spectrum for isotopically dilute OH in a solution of GdCl 3 in D 2 O. The OH stretching spectrum of water molecules in the first hydration sphere is shifted to lower energy than that of the bulk liquid.