Research interests My research interest is in the innate immune response to pneumococcal infection in HIV, with a specific focus on the role of the macrophage. My MRC clinical training fellowship title is `The modulation of macrophage apoptosis during S. pneumoniae infection by HIV-1 or antiretroviral agents´. I also have an ongoing interest in the roll out of antiretroviral treatment (ART) for HIV in resource-poor settings. Specifically, I continue to follow a closed cohort of Ghanaian HIV patients on ART in collaboration with researchers from the KNUST in Ghana and the James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough and Newcastle University in the UK.