For the past decade or so, Dr. Abraham’s research has focused mainly on clinical outcomes and effectiveness research, in particular how variability in (drug-centric) treatment regimens is associated with variability in patient outcomes. However, instead of merely evaluating effectiveness (does the treatment work?), the work of his research group addresses the equally important questions of when does the treatment work (and when not), what influences whether the treatment works, why does the treatment work in some patients but not in others, why does the treatment work with some clinicians but not with others, why is the treatment tolerated by some patients but not by others, and how much of patient outcomes is related to patient vs. clinician or treatment center? In this process, his group uses a comprehensive framework of treatment patterns and outcomes assessment, vulnerability profiling, hierarchical modeling, (non-)responder analysis, and pharmacovigilance and drawing methodologies and statistical models from other disciplines into biomedical research.