My dissertation research focuses on analyzing the 500 benthic d13C records I have compiled from the literature to (1) estimate the mean change in Holocene-LGM d13C, (2) investigate glacial/interglacial changes in ocean circulation from d13C stacks, (3) visualize water-mass properties in 3D and trace boundary changes over time. I am also curious about the influences of G/IG changes in ocean carbonate chemistry on benthic foraminiferal d13C.