Nanocellulose As a Carrier for Improved Drug Delivery: Progresses and Innovation

Nanocellulose has emerged as one of the most valuable and sustainable biopolymers used in drug delivery systems due to its superior mechanical strength, biocompatibility, low toxicity, and alterable morphological properties. The presented review describes different types of nanocellulose, namely, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and bacterial cellulose (BC) as well as their production methods. Presenting contemporary research in this area, the review also focuses on the utilisation of nanocellulose in drug delivery systems. Additionally, nine case studies have been explored to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of current research as they cover a wide range of topics, including all forms of nanocellulose and the most significant cellulose derivatives; different drug classes, such as NSAIDs, antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, and peptides; and different delivery systems, such as hydrogel, films, membranes, nanocomposite, and emulgel. The innovation lies in modification of the structure of nanocellulose and combination of various materials to develop a desired drug delivery vehicle that achieves either targeted, gastro-retentive, lipophilic, mucoadhesive, controlled or sustained drug release. The paper concludes with a stark comparison between plant derived nanocellulose and bacterial cellulose, acknowledges the advancements in the field and provides perspective for further research.