Ephemeral Puddles-Potential Sites for Feeding and Reproduction of Hyporheic Copepoda

The hyporheic (phreatic) zone connects groundwater and surface water and hosts a diverse community of organisms that are adapted to its unique conditions. In order to investigate the hitherto poorly understood biotic connections between the hyporheic zone and temporary ponds, we analyzed changes in the community of Copepoda in a small and shallow ephemeral puddle in a meadow for one year, with comparison to the groundwater fauna of the surrounding region in northeastern Poland. In the puddle, three species of Cyclopoida (Acanthocyclops vernalis, Diacyclops bisetosus, and Cyclops furcifer) were present in large numbers throughout the year. These species were also common components of the region's groundwater fauna, but in much lower densities in the groundwater than in the puddle. These results suggest that temporary puddles can be a convenient place for copepods to feed and reproduce, while groundwater may serve as an important corridor for their dispersal. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of copepod ecology and the functioning of ephemeral aquatic habitats.