3D-Printed Shape Memory Poly(alkylene Terephthalate) Scaffolds As Cardiovascular Stents Revealing Enhanced Endothelialization.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death and current treatments such as stents still suffer from disadvantages. Balloon expansion causes damage to the arterial wall and limited and delayed endothelialization gives rise to restenosis and thrombosis. New more performing materials that circumvent these disadvantages are required to improve the success rate of interventions. To this end, the use of a novel polymer, poly(hexamethylene terephthalate), is investigated for this application. The synthesis to obtain polymers with high molar masses up to 126.5 kg mol-1 is optimized and a thorough chemical and thermal analysis is performed. The polymers are 3D-printed into personalized cardiovascular stents using the state-of-the-art solvent-cast direct-writing technique, the potential of these stents to expand using their shape memory behavior is established, and it is shown that the stents are more resistant to compression than the poly(l-lactide) benchmark. Furthermore, the polymer's hydrolytic stability is demonstrated in an accelerated degradation study of 6 months. Finally, the stents are subjected to an in vitro biological evaluation, revealing that the polymer is non-hemolytic and supports significant endothelialization after only 7 days, demonstrating the enormous potential of these polymers to serve cardiovascular applications. Solvent-cast direct-writing enables the additive manufacturing of personalized cardiovascular stents based on poly(hexamethylene terephthalate) with a high molar mass. These stents are hydrolytically stable, not hemolytic, and enable self-expansion due to their shape memory behavior. Significant and rapid endothelialization is achieved after 7 days of incubation with endothelial cells, demonstrating the enormous potential of these polymers to serve cardiovascular applications. image