A Qualitative Study Evaluating Barriers and Enablers to Improving Antimicrobial Use for the Management of Bacteriuria in Hospitalized Adults.

Objective:The objective of this study was to explore barriers and enablers to improving the management of bacteriuria in hospitalized adults.Design:Qualitative study.Setting:Nova Scotia, Canada.Participants:Nurses, physicians, and pharmacists involved in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of bacteriuria in hospitalized patients.Methods:Focus groups (FGs) were completed between May and July 2019. FG discussions were facilitated using an interview guide that consisted of open-ended questions coded to the theoretical domains framework (TDF) v2. Discussions were transcribed verbatim then independently coded to the TDFv2 by two members of the research team and compared. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes.Results:Thirty-three healthcare providers from five hospitals participated (15 pharmacists, 11 nurses, and 7 physicians). The use of antibiotics for the treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) was the main issue identified. Subthemes that related to management of ASB included: "diagnostic uncertainty," difficulty "ignoring positive urine cultures," "organizational challenges," and "how people learn." Barriers and/or enablers to improving the management of bacteriuria were mapped to 12 theoretical domains within these subthemes. Barriers and enablers identified by participants that were most extensively discussed related to the domains of environmental context and resources, belief about capabilities, social/professional role and identity, and social influences.Conclusions:Healthcare providers highlighted barriers and recognized enablers that may improve delivery of care to patients with bacteriuria. A wide range of barriers at the individual and organization level to address diagnostic challenges and improve workload should be considered to improve management of bacteriuria.