Novel plant waste-based cost-effective adsorbent to remove contaminants from sewage wastewater

Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage wastewater into waterbodies contaminates soil and groundwater. Reducing heavily-laden contaminants from wastewater is an utmost necessity. Recently, the use of organic adsorbents has become a promising approach for wastewater treatment due to their efficacy and sustainability. Objectives of the present study are (a) to explore novel plant waste material for the synthesis of adsorbents (biochars) with and without modifications to reduce inorganic contaminants and excess nutrients from sewage wastewater (b) to validate the efficacy of novel synthesized biochars on germination of Vigna radiata when grown in sewage wastewater. Plant waste materials (Turmeric leaves, Cyperus roots, Juniper leaves, and berries) were collected after oil extraction and Fe-modified and pristine biochars were further synthesized at 500 degrees C. The highest heavy metals efficiency and maximum seedling germination was observed in biochars derived from turmeric leaf followed by Cyperus root > Juniper leaf > Juniper berry. Fe-modified Turmeric leaf biochar showed 83.9, 96.7 , 94.8% removal for Ni, As, , Pb, respectively. The highest removal for PO43-, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, SO42- were observed in Fe-modified Cyperus root biochar as 96, 88, 84, 70, and 70%, respectively. Fe-modification enhance the higher surface area of biochars in the order of CRMBC (143.21 m(2) g(-1)) > TLMBC (93.317 m(2) g(-1)) > JBMBC (79.561 m(2) g(-1)) > JLMBC (77.764 m(2) g(-1)) that amplified the adsorption capacity. Fe- modification developed mesoporous structures that made biochar more thermally stable which was confirmed by thermo-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Fe-modified biochars offer a sustainable and easily recoverable option for wastewater treatment to efficiently reduce inorganic contaminants and to make treated wastewater suitable for irrigation and other purposes.