Iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium - The most common elemental deficiencies in children with autism spectrum disorder

Introduction: Children with autism spectrum disorder display various deviations in medical tests compared to the neurotypical population including nutritional status, nervous system structure, mothers' pregnancy complications, development of metabolic pathways, and genetic impairment. In this work, we focused on developing a biochemical profile of children with autism spectrum disorder in terms of trends in iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium concentrations, as the most common deficient essential elements. Materials and methods: A review of studies determining the content of iron, magnesium, zinc and selenium in the blood, hair and nails of children. A p-value was calculated for articles and in case of no given statistical values, Cohen's d or Hedges' g was used instead.Results: A review of recent studies revealed that children with autism spectrum disorder are more often characterised by reduced blood levels of magnesium, zinc and selenium compared to their neurotypical peers. This prompts further consideration of the metabolic basis of autism and constitutes important data on the worldwide population of children with autism spectrum disorders. Deficiency in either of those elements can contribute to the development of neuropsychological disorders.