Climate change indicator, impact, adaptation, and innovation at the local level: learn from the peoples' experience of the coastal plain of Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia

This chapter assesses the indicator of climate change, their effects on communities, and the local adaptations implemented in Probolingo Regency. We studied coastal morphology, dynamics, topography, and land cover along the pilot sites from 1973 to 2013 using remote sensing data, geodetic instruments, and the literature review. The findings revealed that the coastal length of 34.5 km in the west part of the study area was expanded by 544.36 ha between 1973 and 2013. Meanwhile, 144.75 ha of the 44 km-long eastern coastline were eroded, and the coastline shifted 100–300 m inland. Moreover, under the worst-case wave height scenario, 1728.65 ha of ponds, 172.1 ha of settlements, and nearly 760 ha of rice fields will be inundated. Therefore, some reactive adaptation was conducted both by local communities and authorities to tackle the problem. However, promoting a local adaptation plan in policymaking is crucial for long-term sustainable development.