Noninvasive ECG imaging of the intrinsic atrial pacemaker and atrial activation in surgically repaired or palliated congenital heart disease.

ECGI can be utilized to create a noninvasive mapping model of atrial activation in postsurgical CHD, demonstrating atrial pacemaker location, putative lines of block and interatrial connections. Once validated invasively, this may have clinical implications in predicting risk of sinus node dysfunction and atrial arrhythmias, or in guiding catheter ablation.