Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS)

Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a severe, potentially life-threatening, iatrogenic complication of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The occurrence of OHSS is not just limited to in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment. It can follow any controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) involving oral or injectable medications, as evidenced in the patient we describe in this chapter. The syndrome is characterized by abdominal distension, ovarian enlargement, ascites, hypercoagulability, and electrolyte imbalances. Treatment is largely supportive. Identifying patients at risk and employing strategies for prevention is critically important in lowering the incidence of this disease.