Risk factors and current trends in maxillofacial trauma: An epidemiologic study at a major Trauma Center of North India

Abstract Aims This study aimed to obtain an update on the epidemiologic data of maxillofacial injuries with an analysis of current aetiology and associated factors encountered at a major Tertiary Care Centre of North India. Materials and methods This retrospective study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Centre in Uttarakhand over 2 years. The demographics, aetiology, seatbelt/helmet use, alcohol consumption at the time of injury, site of the fracture, other associated injuries and type of intervention were recorded. Results The male:female ratio was 4.2:1. A peak prevalence was found in the third decade (mean age 23.6). Road traffic accidents were the most common cause of trauma (76.9%). Maxillofacial injuries were higher in those who did not use a seatbelt or helmet (85.1%). Intoxication at the time of injury was a major factor, especially in accidents. Drivers were found to be injured more (74.7%) than pillion riders or passengers. The incidence of fractures was highest in monsoons (30%). Mandibular (37.8%) and zygomatic (20%) fractures were most commonly encountered. The most common site of mandibular fractures was parasymphysis (30.6%). Fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Concomitant neurological and orthopaedic injuries were common in patients sustaining maxillofacial injuries. Conclusion Road traffic accidents continue to be responsible for maximum trauma. A multidisciplinary assessment of every trauma victim is essential. This study can help formulate rigorous injury preventive schemes by distinguishing and analysing maxillofacial trauma. Advocation and strict implementation of helmet and seatbelt use with a heavy penalty for drinking and driving can lead to the reduction of maxillofacial injuries.