Evolution-driven crosstalk between glioblastoma and the tumor microenvironment

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant adult brain tumor for which 90% of patients experience recurrence within a year after surgery1. Evolution confers treatment resistance capabilities on tumors2. The diversification of malignant and non-malignant (i.e., stromal and immune cell) compartments in the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor evolution3-7 eventually results in the formation of a complex interaction network that promotes tumor progression.