Opportunity and challenges of phenotyping salt tolerance

Salinity is a key factor limiting agricultural production worldwide. Recent advances in field phenotyping have enabled the recording of the environmental history and dynamic response of plants by considering both genotype x environment (GxE) in-teractions and envirotyping. However, only a few studies have focused on plant salt tolerance phenotyping. Therefore, we analyzed the potential opportunities and major challenges in improving plant salt tolerance using advanced field pheno-typing technologies. RGB imaging and spectral and thermal sensors are the most useful and important sensing techniques for assessing key morphological and physiological traits of plant salt tolerance. However, field phenotyping faces challenges owing to its practical applications and high costs, limiting its use in early generation breeding and in developing countries.