Mental Health in Patients Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes.

>> Mental health and psychosocial factors play a critical role in clinical outcomes in orthopaedic surgery. >> The biopsychosocial model of disease defines health as a product of physiology, psychology, and social factors and, traditionally, has not been as emphasized in the care of musculoskeletal disease. >> Improvement in postoperative outcomes and patient satisfaction is incumbent upon the screening, recognition, assessment, and possible referral of patients with high-risk psychosocial factors both before and after the surgical procedure.