Freshwater Pearl Culture in Mexico: Historic Context, Present Status and Future Perspectives

We revise the historic context of freshwater pearl culture in Asia, updating the present situation and perspectives of this activity in Mexico, and, possibly, in some Latin American countries. The review is based on the results of ten years of research conducted in southeast Mexico (state of Tabasco) to firstly determine the demography of freshwater mussel stocks and, based on this information, identify a target species with a higher potential for pearl farming: the fatmucket mussel Psoronaias crocodilorum. The main advances relative to the seeding technique for keshi pearl production and composite technique for half-pearl (mabe) production are detailed and placed under perspective with China, as today's greatest producer of freshwater pearls. After ten years, several cohorts of keshi and mabe pearls have been produced, representing the first of their kind in Latin America. Although the yield and quality of these pearls has gradually been improved, some aspects of the keshi technique (preparation and seeding of the donor's mantle into the host's mantle) still require further optimisation. To promote social development, one of the goals of the project included the involvement of local communities in the manufacture and selling of handcrafts made from the shell. The other goal was to share the main outcomes derived from the keshi and mabe techniques with academics, producers, and government authorities through a series of training workshops aimed to create awareness in the local communities for the potential of freshwater pearl culture in Tabasco as an aquaculture-based, environmentally friendly and viable model for socioeconomic development.