The Counseling Psychologist Digest

Our purpose in this research was to develop a measure that reflected crosscultural and cultural-specific expectations of “good mothering.” We based our measure on samples of South Korean mothers (n = 626) and White mothers in the United States (n = 612). We developed an initial pool of 74 items that described good mothering in both cultures. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses separately for each group. We found different factor structures: the South Korean sample had three factors, the United States’ sample yielded four factors. Two of these factors were similar in meaning across the groups, although the items that loaded onto these factors were not identical. Our analyses also yielded three factors unique to each group. The final instrument comprises 30 items that loaded onto both the shared and unique factors for the two groups. Additional support for the validity and reliability of the scale is presented. NP2 The Counseling Psychologist 00(0) 초록 이 연구의 목적은 “좋은 엄마에 대한 기대”의 문화 특수적, 그리고 비교 문화적 기대를 측정할 수 있는 측정도구를 개발하는 것이었다. 척도 개발을 위해 626명의 한국 엄마와 612명의 미국 엄마들로부터 자료를 수집하였다. 두 문화권에서 “좋은 엄마에 대한 기대”를 기술하는 74 개의 초기 문항을 개발하였다. 탐색적, 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 한국 표집에서는 3개의 요인, 미국 표집에서는 4개의 요인이 도출되었다. 이들 요인들 가운데 2개의 요인은 두 집단 간 유사한 의미를 반영하는 요인이었으나 이들 요인의 문항 수는 두 집단 간에 차이가 있었다. 최종적으로 양 집단이 공유하는 요인과 문화 특수적인 요인으로 구성된 30개 문항의 척도를 개발하였다. 개발된 척도의 타당도와 신뢰도를 추가적으로 분석하였다. Implications for Research, Practice, Advocacy, and Education/Training Our findings have implications for research, practice, advocacy, and education/training. Additional research is needed to assess the psychometric properties and factor structure of the GMES. For those who plan to use the GMES measure, we suggest administering all items loading on the shared and the unique subscales for both countries to ensure that the measure includes both cross-cultural and culturally specific expectations of motherhood (30 in total; for copies of the scales in Korean and English, see the supplemental material available online at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0011000