Appetite-Regulating Hormones Are Reduced After Oral Sucrose Vs Glucose: Influence Of Obesity, Insulin Resistance, And Sex

Context: Fructose compared to glucose has adverse effects on metabolic function, but endocrine responses to oral sucrose vs glucose is not well understood.Objective: We investigated how oral sucrose vs glucose affected appetite-regulating hormones, and how biological factors (body mass index [BMI], insulin sensitivity, sex) influence endocrine responses to these 2 types of sugar.Design: Sixty-nine adults (29 men; 23.22 +/- 3.74 years; BMI 27.03 +/- 4.96 kg/m(2)) completed the study. On 2 occasions, participants consumed 300-mL drinks containing 75 g of glucose or sucrose. Blood was sampled at baseline, 10, 35, and 120 minutes post drink for plasma glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)(7-36), peptide YY (PYY) total, and acyl-ghrelin measures. Hormone levels were compared between conditions using a linear mixed model. Interaction models were performed, and results were stratified to assess how biological factors influence endocrine responses.Results: Sucrose vs glucose ingestion provoked a less robust rise in glucose (P <.001), insulin (P <.001), GLP-1 (P <.001), and PYY (P =.02), whereas acyl-ghrelin suppression was similar between the sugars. We found BMI status by sugar interactions for glucose (P =.01) and PYY (P =.03); obese individuals had smaller increases in glucose and PYY levels after consuming sucrose vs glucose. There were interactions between insulin sensitivity and sugar for glucose (P =.003) and insulin (P =.04), and a sex by sugar interaction for GLP-1 (P =.01); men demonstrated smaller increases in GLP-1 in response to oral sucrose vs glucose.Conclusion: Sucrose is less efficient at signaling postprandial satiation than glucose, and biological factors influence differential hormone responses to sucrose vs glucose consumption.