Earlier-Phased Cancer Immunity Cycle Strongly Influences Cancer Immunity in Operable Never-Smoker Lung Adenocarcinoma

Exome and transcriptome analyses of clinically homogeneous early-stage never -smoker female patients with lung adenocarcinoma were performed to under-stand tumor-T cell interactions and immune escape points. Using our novel gene panels of eight functional categories in the cancer-immunity cycle, three distinct subgroups were identified in this immune checkpoint blockade-refractory cohort by defective gene expression in two major domains, i.e., type I interferon production/signaling pathway and antigen-presenting machinery. Our approach could play a critical role in understanding immune evasion mechanisms, devel-oping a method for effective selection of rare immune checkpoint blockade re-sponders, and finding new treatment strategies.