Post-Newtonian Hamiltonian Description of an Atom in a Weak Gravitational Field

We extend the systematic calculation of an approximately relativistic Hamiltonian for center of mass and internal dynamics of an electromagnetically bound two-particle system by Sonnleitner and Barnett [Phys. Rev. A 98, 042106 (2018)] to the case including a weak post-Newtonian gravitational background field, described by the Eddington-Robertson parametrized post-Newtonian metric. Starting from a proper relativistic description of the situation, this approach allows us to systematically derive the coupling of the model system to gravity, instead of "guessing" it by means of classical notions of relativistic effects. We embed this technical result into a critical discussion concerning the problem of implementing and interpreting general couplings to the gravitational field and the connected problem of how to properly address the question concerning the validity of the Equivalence Principle in Quantum Mechanics.