Drug allergy in children and adults: Is it the double X chromosome?

OBJECTIVE:This article reviews the latest science and epidemiologic studies related to drug allergy in children and adults to explore possible mechanisms related to female propensity for drug allergy. DATA SOURCES:PubMed literature review, focusing primarily on the last 5 years. STUDY SELECTIONS:Articles reviewing the science behind female predisposition to atopic and asthmatic conditions and epidemiologic studies reviewing drug allergy and drug-induced anaphylaxis. RESULTS:Despite adult female predilection for atopic conditions, few laboratory studies explore sex-specific mechanisms in atopic/allergic diseases, and most are focused on autoimmunity and asthma. Drug allergy is more frequently reported in adult females compared with adult males. Adult females are also more likely to have drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA), although no clear sex predominance has been reported in fatal or severe DIA. Studies in children suggest the reverse picture, with prepubertal males more likely to have drug allergy and DIA than prepubertal girls. CONCLUSION:Possible explanations for female predisposition for drug allergy are multifactorial and include disproportionate utilization of health care with more exposure to antibiotics or medications, genetic factors related to the X chromosome, epigenetic changes, and discrepant hormonal interactions with immune cells.