High electrical performance of carbon nanotubes/rubber composites with low percolation threshold prepared with a rotation–revolution mixing technique

The present study demonstrates a novel mixing approach for achieving a good dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), which leads to a significant improvement in electrical properties. Our mixing technique consists of (1) pretreatment by ultrasonication to disentangle the bundles of CNTs in organic solvent and (2) “rotation–revolution” mixing of the CNTs with SBR without mechanical shear, which prevents CNTs from collapsing during the mixing process. The present mixing method does not require the addition of any dispersing agents (amphiphilic molecules) or chemical modification of the CNTs to obtain a good dispersion. Compared with a conventional Banbury mixing technique, our method leads to a significant decrease in the percolation threshold (less than 1phr), where the electrical conductivity suddenly increases due to the formation of percolation networks of CNTs in SBR. This is because the aspect ratio of the CNTs was maintained even after the mixing process, whereas CNTs were broken during the conventional Banbury mixing. The effect of using different types of CNTs on electrical conductivity was also investigated. The results show that the percolation threshold is largely related to the structural quality (graphitization) of the CNTs as well as their aspect ratio.