A new MIS 5 to MIS 2 speleothem record from Sandkraal Cave on the South African Cape south coast

We present new stable oxygen and carbon isotope composite records (delta O-18, delta C-13) of speleothems from Sandkraal Cave 1 (SK1) on the South African south coast for the time interval between 104 and 18 ka (with a hiatus between 48 and 41 ka). Statistical comparisons using kernel-based correlation analyses and semblance analyses based on continuous wavelet transforms inform the relationships of the new speleothem records to other proxies and their changes through time. Between 105 and similar to 70 ka, changes of speleothem delta O-18 values at SK1 are likely related to rainfall seasonality. Variations of delta C-13 values are associated with changes of vegetation density, prior carbonate precipitation (PCP), CO2 degassing in the cave, and possibly variations of the abundance of C-3 and C-4 grasses in the vegetation. The relationships of delta O-18 with other proxies shift between similar to 70 and 48 ka (Marine Isotope Stages 4-3) so that both stable isotope records now reflect CO2 degassing, evaporation, and PCP. Similar relationships also continue after the hiatus for the deposition phase between 42 and 18 ka. Our findings support modeling results suggesting drier conditions in the study area when the Southern Hemisphere westerlies are shifted north and the paleo-Agulhas Plain is exposed.