Trends in cardiovascular disease among Inuit in Greenland from 1994 to 2021

Background and aims Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses significant health challenges globally. While substantial data exists for most populations, the Arctic Inuit's CVD incidence rates remain understudied. This research aimed to change this by estimating CVD incidence and mortality rates in Greenland from 1994 to 2021. Methods Using nationwide registers, a retrospective observational study was conducted, focusing on individuals born in Greenland to Greenlandic-born parents. Data was sourced from the Greenlandic Hospital Discharge Register and the nationwide electronic medical record. Results A total of 65,824 individuals were included, the age- and sex-specific incidence rates (IR) of ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, and heart failure (HF) declined from 1994 to 2021, with the most substantial decline observed for HF among women. Conversely, the IR of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AF/AFL) and myocardial infarction (MI) among men rose. The IR for stroke was particularly elevated compared to other CVD subgroups. Mortality rates for those diagnosed with CVD were 2.4 times higher than those without. Men exhibited a 40% elevated mortality risk relative to women. Conclusion The study provides pivotal insights into CVD trends within the Arctic Inuit population, highlighting both positive developments and areas of concern. Given the increasing elderly demographic in Greenland, proactive health strategies are crucial. Emphasizing primary prevention and addressing specific CVD risks, particularly the elevated stroke IR, is imperative for future public health efforts.