Lead-up and manifestation of the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 at the DSDP Site 398 (Vigo Seamount, NW Iberian offshore): Palynological and geochemical insights

Extreme climatic conditions, volcanism, and paleogeographical distribution presumably led to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2 (OAE 2), one of the most disruptive events for Cretaceous ecosystems. Although the terrestrial response to this issue is barely studied, a turnover within the plant communities seems to be linked to this issue, besides the well-known extinction of several marine groups. In this study, palynological and δ13Corg analyses were combined to research the sediments from DSDP Site 398 (Vigo Seamount) cores 398D-58 to 398D-56 (upper Albian to lower Turonian). The δ13Corg curve exhibits a Carbon Isotopic Excursion (CIE) observed between the interval 948,60 and 947,77 m below seafloor (mbsf), corresponding to the OAE 2. Four palynological assemblages were differentiated, ranging from the uppermost Albian to the lower Turonian. These assemblages comprised diverse marine and terrestrial communities with generally excellent preservation. In addition to previous biostratigraphic works, we present a more detailed chronostratigraphy of DSDP Hole 398D based on palynomorphs. The paleoecological reconstruction reveals the significant changes during the OAE 2 period: a decrease in the diversity and abundance of dinoflagellates and a shift to angiosperm-dominated terrestrial communities (i.e., Normapolles) which, unlike other sites, occurs prior to the maximum values of δ13C.