LIGO operates with quantum noise below the Standard Quantum Limit Wenxuan Jia , Victoria Xu , Kevin Kuns , Masayuki Nakano , Lisa Barsotti , Matthew Evans , Nergis Mavalvala , Rich Abbott , Ibrahim Abouelfettouh , Rana Adhikari , Alena Ananyeva , Stephen Appert , Koji Arai , Naoki Aritomi , Stuart Aston , Matthew Ball , Stefan Ballmer , David Barker , Beverly Berger , Joseph Betzwieser , Dripta Bhattacharjee , Garilynn Billingsley , Nina Bode , Edgard Bonilla , Vladimir Bossilkov , Adam Branch , Aidan Brooks , Daniel Brown , John Bryant , Craig Cahillane , Huy-tuong Cao , Elenna Capote , Yanbei Chen , Filiberto Clara , Josh Collins , Camilla Compton , Robert Cottingham , Dennis Coyne , Ryan Crouch , Janos Csizmazia , Torrey Cullen , Louis Dartez , Nicholas Demos , Ezekiel Dohmen , Jenne Driggers , Sheila Dwyer , Anamaria Effler , Aldo Ejlli , Todd Etzel , Jon Feicht , Raymond Frey , William Frischhertz , Peter Fritschel , Valery Frolov , Paul Fulda , Michael Fyffe , Dhruva Ganapathy , Bubba Gateley , Joe Giaime , Dwayne Giardina , Jane Glanzer , Evan Goetz , Aaron Jones , Slawomir Gras , Corey Gray , Don Griffith , Hartmut Grote , Tyler Guidry , Evan Hall , Jonathan Hanks , Joe Hanson , Matthew Heintze , Adrian Helmling-cornell , Hsiang-yu Huang , Yuki Inoue , Alasdair James , Austin Jennings , Srinath Karat , Marie Kasprzack , Keita Kawabe , Nutsinee Kijbunchoo , Jeffrey Kissel , Antonios Kontos , Rahul Kumar , Michael Landry , Brian Lantz , Michael Laxen , Kyung-ha Lee , Madeline Lesovsky , Francisco Llamas , Marc Lormand , Hudsonalexander Loughlin , Ronaldas Macas , Myron Macinnis , Camille Makarem , Benjaminrobert Mannix , Georgia Mansell , Rodica Martin , Nyath Maxwell , Garrett Mccarrol , Richard Mccarthy , David Mcclelland , Scott Mccormick , Lee Mcculler , Terry Mcrae , Fernando Mera , Edmond Merilh , Fabian Meylahn , Richard Mittleman , Dan Moraru , Gerardo Moreno , Matthew Mould , Adam Mullavey , Timothy Nelson , Ansel Neunzert , Jason Oberling , Timothy Ohanlon , Charles Osthelder , David Ottaway , Harry Overmier , William Parker , Arnaud Pele , Huyen Pham , Marc Pirello , Volker Quetschke , Karla Ramirez , Jonathan Reyes , Jonathan Richardson , Mitchell Robinson , Jameson Rollins , Janeen Romie , Michael Ross , Travis Sadecki , Anthony Sanchez , Eduardo Sanchez , Luis Sanchez , Richard Savage , Dean Schaetzl , Mitchell Schiworski , Roman Schnabel , Robert Schofield , Eyal Schwartz , Danny Sellers , Thomas Shaffer , Ryan Short , Daniel Sigg , Bram Slagmolen , Siddharth Soni , Ling Sun , David Tanner , Michael Thomas , Patrick Thomas , Keith Thorne , Calum Torrie , Gary Traylor , Gabriele Vajente , Jordan Vanosky , Alberto Vecchio , Peter Veitch , Ajay Vibhute , Erik Vonreis , Jim Warner , Betsy Weaver , Rainer Weiss , Chris Whittle , Benno Willke , Christopher Wipf , Hiro Yamamoto , Haocun Yu , Liyuan Zhang , Michael Zucker arxiv（2024）
摘要
Precision measurements of space and time, like those made by the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), are often confronted with fundamental limitations imposed by quantum mechanics. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that the position and momentum of an object cannot both be precisely measured, giving rise to an apparent limitation called the Standard Quantum Limit (SQL). Reducing quantum noise below the SQL in gravitational-wave detectors, where photons are used to continuously measure the positions of freely falling mirrors, has been an active area of research for decades. Here we show how the LIGO A+ upgrade reduced the detectors' quantum noise below the SQL by up to 3 dB while achieving a broadband sensitivity improvement, more than two decades after this possibility was first presented.
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