Fog-Based Hierarchical Coordination of Residential Aggregators and Household Demand Response with Power Distribution Grids—Part II: Data Transmission Architecture and Case Studies

Part I of this two-part paper series designed a solution for hierarchical coordination among Household Demand Response (HDR), Residential Aggregators (RAs) and DSO. This companion paper presents a novel three-layer fog-based architecture to establish an efficient data transmission network for the proposed coordination framework. The envisioned communication architecture includes the end-device, edge fog nodes, and cloud-server layers, providing a reliable solution for data collection of large-scale IoT-based Demand Responsive (DR) customers. The time delay and required bandwidth for the proposed data transmission architecture are modeled. To trace the effectiveness and economic impacts of the proposed fog-based hierarchical HDR-RAs-DSO distributed coordination framework, we perform extensive numerical studies on an enhanced IEEE 33-Bus test system. Several simulations are performed to investigate the time delay and required bandwidth of the proposed data transmission architecture in various scenarios, where it is found that the proposed coordination framework increases the RAs' benefits and flexibility, while in compliance with the network operating constraints. Additionally, the proposed HDR-RAs-DSO coordination framework provides a less costly solution for customers with HDR capability and results in greater profits for residential prosumers.