Mapping of Forest Structural Parameters in Tianshan Mountain Using Bayesian-Random Forest Model, Synthetic Aperture Radar Sentinel-1A, and Sentinel-2 Imagery

The assessment of forest structural parameters is crucial for understanding carbon storage, habitat suitability, and timber stock. However, the labor-intensive and expensive nature of field measurements, coupled with inadequate sample sizes for large-scale modeling, poses challenges. To address the forest structure parameters in the Western Tianshan Mountains, this study used UAV-LiDAR to gather extensive sample data. This approach was enhanced by integrating Sentinel satellite and topographic data and using a Bayesian-Random Forest model to estimate forest canopy height, average height, density, and aboveground biomass (AGB). Validation against independent LiDAR-derived samples confirmed the model's high accuracy, with coefficients of determination (R2) and root mean square errors (RMSE) indicating strong predictive performance (R2 = 0.63, RMSE = 5.06 m for canopy height; R2 = 0.64, RMSE = 2.88 m for average height; R2 = 0.68, RMSE = 62.84 for density; and R2 = 0.59, RMSE = 29.71 Mg/ha for AGB). Notably, the crucial factors include DEM, Sentinel-1 (VH and VV backscatter in dB), and Sentinel-2 (B6, B8A, and B11 bands). These factors contribute significantly to the modeling of forest structure. This technology aims to expedite and economize forest surveys while augmenting the range of forest parameters, especially in remote and rugged terrains. Using a wealth of UAV-LiDAR data, this outcome surpasses its counterparts' by providing essential insights for exploring climate change effects on Central Asian forests, facilitating precise carbon stock quantification, and enhancing knowledge of forest ecosystems.