A Comparative Review of Typical and Atypical Optic Neuritis: Advancements in Treatments, Diagnostics, and Prognosis

Optic neuritis (ON) is a debilitating condition that through various mechanisms, including inflammation or demyelination of the optic nerve, can result in partial or total permanent vision loss if left untreated. Accurate diagnosis and promptly initiated treatment are imperative related to the potential of permanent loss of vision if left untreated, which can lead to a significant reduction in the quality of life in affected patients. ON is subtyped as "typical" or "atypical" based on underlying causative etiology. The etiology of ON can be differentiated when appropriate diagnostic testing is performed. Using history taking, neuroimaging, and visual testing to localize the underlying pathology of ON in a time -sensitive manner is critical in mitigating these unsatisfactory outcomes. Herein, we examine the differences in presentation, pathophysiology, and treatments of typical ON causes, like multiple sclerosis (MS), and atypical causes such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)immunoglobulin G (IgG) ON. The present investigation places focus on both neuroimaging and visual imaging in the differentiation of ON. Additionally, this review presents physicians with a better understanding of different presentations, treatments, and prognoses of ON.