Sodium alginate hydrogelation mediated paper-based POCT sensor for visual distance reading and smartphone-assisted colorimetric dual-signal determination of _L-lactate

Herein, we present a paper-based POCT sensor based on lactate dehydrogenase-mediated alginate gelation combined with visual distance reading and smartphone-assisted colorimetric dual-signal analysis to determine the concentration of (L)-lactate in yogurt samples. In this research, (L)-lactate was transformed into pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate then triggered the gelation of a sol mixture, increasing the viscosity (eta(s)) of the mixture, which was shown as a decrease in the diffusion diameter on the paper-based sensor. In addition, protons from pyruvate accelerated the degradation of Rhodamine B, causing color fading of the mixture, which was analyzed using RGB analysis application software. Under optimal experimental conditions, the linear ranges of visual distance reading and smartphone-assisted colorimetric analysis were 0.1-15 mu M and 0.3-15 mu M and the detection limits were 0.03 mu M and 0.07 mu M, respectively. As a proof-of-concept application, we exploited the paper-based sensor to determine the concentration of (L)-lactate in yogurt samples. The results from the dual-signal paper-based sensor were consistent with the ones from HPLC analysis. In short, this study developed a simple, convenient, cost-effective, and feasible method for the quantitative detection of (L)-lactate in real samples.