In vitro antileishmanial activity of thioridazine on amphotericin B unresponsive/ sensitive Leishmania donovani promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes

The recent increase in the drug (liposomal amphotericin-B) unresponsive cases becomes hostile for the visceral leishmaniasis (VL) elimination target. The quest for new antileishmanial drugs is on the way and may demand more time. Meanwhile, drug repurposing is a quite promising option to explore further. We made such an attempt with thioridazine (TRZ), a first-line antipsychotic drug, which was reported for antimicrobial activity. In this study, we evaluated the drug activity of TRZ against amphotericin-B (Amp-B) sensitive and unresponsive Leishmania donovani promastigotes, as well as intracellular amastigotes (drug sensitive). We observed a potent antileishmanial activity of TRZ with significantly low half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) on both the variants of promastigotes (0.61 +/- 0.15 mu M). These concentrations are comparable to the previously reported IC50 concentration of the current antileishmanial drug (Amp-B) against L. donovani. Light microscopy reveals the perturbations in promastigote morphology upon TRZ treatment. The in vitro studies on human macrophage cell lines determine the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) of TRZ on host cells as 20.046 mu M and a half maximal effective concentration (EC50) as 0.91 mu M during L. donovani infection, in turn selectivity index (SI) was calculated as 22.03 mu M. Altogether, the results demonstrate that TRZ has the potential for drug repurposing and further studies on animal models could provide better insights for VL treatment.