Multi-Time-Scale Resource Allocation Based on Long-Term Contracts and Real-Time Rental Business Models for Shared Energy Storage Systems

The push for renewable energy emphasizes the need for energy storage systems (ESSs) to mitigate the unpredictability and variability of these sources, yet challenges such as high investment costs, sporadic utilization, and demand mismatch hinder their broader adoption. In response, shared energy storage systems (SESSs) offer a more cohesive and efficient use of ESS, providing more accessible and cost-effective energy storage solutions to overcome these obstacles. To enhance the profitability of SESSs, this paper designs a multi-time scale resource allocation strategy based on long-term contracts and real-time rental business models. We initially construct a life cycle cost model for SESS and introduce a method to estimate the degradation costs of multiple battery groups by cycling numbers and depth of discharge within the SESS, based on cycle counts and depth of discharge. Subsequently, we design various long-term contracts from both capacity and energy perspectives, establishing associated models and real-time rental models. Lastly, a two-stage multi-time scale resource allocation algorithm based on the decomposition of user demand is proposed. Numerical analysis validates that the business model based on long-term contracts excels over models operating solely in the real-time market in economic viability and user satisfaction, effectively reducing battery degradation, and leveraging the aggregation effect for SESS can generate an additional 10.7% in net revenue.