Analyzing the Impact of Evolving Combustion Conditions on the Composition of Wildfire Emissions Using Satellite Data

Wildfires have become larger and more frequent because of climate change, increasing their impact on air pollution. Air quality forecasts and climate models do not currently account for changes in the composition of wildfire emissions during the commonly observed progression from more flaming to smoldering combustion. Laboratory measurements have consistently shown decreased nitrogen dioxide (NO2) relative to carbon monoxide (CO) over time, as they transitioned from more flaming to smoldering combustion, while formaldehyde (HCHO) relative to CO remained constant. Here, we show how daily ratios between column densities of NO2 versus those of CO and HCHO versus CO from the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) changed for large wildfires in the Western United States. TROPOMI-derived emission ratios were lower than those from the laboratory. We discuss reasons for the discrepancies, including how representative laboratory burns are of wildfires, the effect of aerosols on trace gas retrievals, and atmospheric chemistry in smoke plumes. Climate change has led to an increase in the frequency and size of wildfires in the Western United States. The gases and particles released from wildfires impact air quality and climate, so it is important to understand the chemical composition of these emissions. In current air quality forecasts and climate models, the composition of wildfire emissions is based on the dominant vegetation burned and is assumed to be constant over time. In contrast, measurements from laboratory burns indicate that the composition of emissions from fires changes over time, as fires progress from more flaming combustion to flameless burning dominated by smoke (smoldering). It is challenging to have daily field measurements of the emissions from long-lived wildfires, but there are instruments in space that can make daily observations of wildfires globally. In this study, we show how the composition of emissions from wildfires in California, Oregon, and Washington changed over time, as they progressed from more flaming to more smoldering combustion, using observations from a satellite instrument called TROPOMI. The analysis of the composition of wildfire emissions and their evolution over time using TROPOMI could improve air quality forecasting and climate modeling globally. Space-based remote sensing instruments can be used to observe changes in the composition of wildfire emissions over timeChanges in wildfire emissions composition observed with TROPOMI were caused by evolving combustion conditions rather than aerosol shieldingTROPOMI observations can be used to help parametrize how modeled wildfire emissions should change with evolving combustion conditions