Advances and outlook for lupus retinopathy

Introduction Lupus retinopathy is a common ocular manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). If left undiagnosed and untreated in a timely manner, severe vaso-occlusive lupus retinopathy can result in substantial visual impairment.Areas covered This review highlights the recent advances in diagnostic imaging modalities and explores future perspectives in this field. Additionally, we discuss the retinal toxicities associated with lupus therapeutics, specifically hydroxychloroquine retinopathy and steroid-induced retinal side effects. This review also addresses the latest advancements in the management of lupus retinopathy, including the use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy and emerging biological agents. By synthesizing the existing literature and identifying gaps in the current understanding, this review aims to enhance knowledge and provide clinicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals with advances and outlook for diagnosis, optimal management, and improved outcomes of lupus retinopathy.Expert opinion In addition to highlighting potential areas for future research, this review emphasizes the importance of integrating innovative approaches to further advance the field of lupus retinopathy. Furthermore, the exploration of personalized medicine and the identification of biomarkers hold promise for tailoring treatment strategies and optimizing patient outcomes.