Puppy: A Publicly Verifiable Watermarking Protocol
CoRR(2023)
摘要
In this paper, we propose Puppy, the first formally defined framework for
converting any symmetric watermarking into a publicly verifiable one. Puppy
allows anyone to verify a watermark any number of times with the help of an
untrusted third party, without requiring owner presence during detection. We
formally define and prove security of Puppy using the ideal/real-world
simulation paradigm and construct two practical and secure instances: (1)
Puppy-TEE that uses Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), and (2) Puppy-2PC
that relies on two-party computation (2PC) based on garbled circuits. We then
convert four current symmetric watermarking schemes into publicly verifiable
ones and run extensive experiments using Puppy-TEE and Puppy-2PC. Evaluation
results show that, while Puppy-TEE incurs some overhead, its total latency is
on the order of milliseconds for three out of four watermarking schemes.
Although the overhead of Puppy-2PC is higher (on the order of seconds), it is
viable for settings that lack a TEE or where strong trust assumptions about a
TEE need to be avoided. We further optimize the solution to increase its
scalability and resilience to denial of service attacks via memoization.
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