Spatial Knowledge-Infused Hierarchical Learning: An Application in Flood Mapping on Earth Imagery

Deep learning for Earth imagery plays an increasingly important role in geoscience applications such as agriculture, ecology, and natural disaster management. Still, progress is often hindered by the limited training labels. Given Earth imagery with limited training labels, a base deep neural network model, and a spatial knowledge base with label constraints, our problem is to infer the full labels while training the neural network. The problem is challenging due to the sparse and noisy input labels, spatial uncertainty within the label inference process, and high computational costs associated with a large number of sample locations. Existing works on neuro-symbolic models focus on integrating symbolic logic into neural networks (e.g., loss function, model architecture, and training label augmentation), but these methods do not fully address the challenges of spatial data (e.g., spatial uncertainty, the trade-off between spatial granularity and computational costs). To bridge this gap, we propose a novel Spatial Knowledge-Infused Hierarchical Learning (SKI-HL) framework that iteratively infers sample labels within a multi-resolution hierarchy. Our framework consists of a module to selectively infer labels in different resolutions based on spatial uncertainty and a module to train neural network parameters with uncertainty-aware multi-instance learning. Extensive experiments on real-world flood mapping datasets show that the proposed model outperforms several baseline methods. The code is available at https://github.com/ZelinXu2000/SKI-HL.