Vanadium in soils and plants: Sources, chemistry, potential risk, and remediation approaches

Vanadium is an emerging toxic pollutant in soils and has high potential for ecosystem and human health risk. Understanding the fate and behavior of vanadium in soils is essential to assess its potential risk and mange for mitigating this risk. Therefore, in this chapter, we presented the state of the art about vanadium in soils and plants. In detail, we presented and discussed (1) the main sources of vanadium in the environment, (2) the content of vanadium in soils and plants, (3) the distribution of vanadium among its geochemical fractions and its potential mobilization and availability in soils, (4) the factors govern the content and availability in soils including clay minerals, iron/aluminum/manganese (hydr)oxides, soil organic matter, soil redox potential (Eh), and soil pH, (5) vanadium contamination and human health risks, and (6) the remediation approaches for vanadium-contaminated soils including the physical, immobilization, and phytoremediation trials.