Enhancing Fracture Conductivity in Soft Chalk Formations With Diammonium Phosphate Treatment: A Study at High Temperature, Pressure, and Stresses

This study aims to address the problem of fracture hydraulic conductivity decline in soft formations using a diammonium hydrogen phosphate (DAP) solution. A naturally weak carbonate, Austin chalk was chosen as an ideal specimen. Flat chalk samples with reduced elastic modulus and roughness were evaluated before and after aging with 1 M DAP for 72 hours at 75 degrees C and 1,000 psi. The fracture gas conductivity of DAP- aged and untreated samples was measured at various flow rates and stresses while recording sample compaction using linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). The study found that DAP aging increased the reduced elastic modulus of chalk specimens up to 330% of the original value, improving their resistance to deformation and failure under stress by 200 psi. The hydraulic conductivity of DAP- aged samples was at least twice that of untreated samples, with an extended hydraulic fracture conductivity seven times higher than that of the untreated ones. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy- dispersive X- ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis revealed that DAP reacted with the chalk to form hydroxyapatite (HAP), which binds the calcite grains, yielding a stiffer, more deformation- resisting rock surface. Overall, the study demonstrates the potential of chemically enhancing and extending the fracture hydraulic conductivity of weak carbonates using DAP.