Theory Into Practice

Facing the increasingly complex and ever-changing environment of present challenges, citizens in the fourth industrial revolution across the globe will need to develop knowledge-in-use proficiencies, which equips them with the scientific knowledge to make evidence-based informed decisions, support policy changes, and understand future consequences of lack of action. However, knowledge-in-use is a complex construct with multiple different sub-components. It remains challenging to both understand the underlying information processing mechanism and the inner cognitive process of knowledge-in-use. This chapter unfolds the latent process of developing knowledge-in-use by referencing several landmark cognitive models. Building on that, this chapter discusses how a project-based learning environment has the potential to support students' knowledge-in-use development.