Noradrenergic circuits

The norepinephrine/noradrenergic system has been implicated in substance use disorders for decades, but its importance has been somewhat overshadowed by its precursor molecule dopamine. In this chapter we explore norepinephrine and how noradrenergic signaling contributes to various aspects of substance use disorder. We begin by describing the system, anatomy and development of norepinephrine neurons, norepinephrine in physiological behavior, how to monitor/measure norepinephrine, and how noradrenergic circuits have been assayed and manipulated. We then describe what is known about noradrenergic function and involvement in major misused substances: opioids, alcohol, psychostimulants, nicotine, and cannabis. We finish with examining the role of norepinephrine in non-drug related rewards, such as food and psychosocial rewards.