Geophysical transect reveals seismic P-wave velocity structure of the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand

Most conceptual models for how fluids and sediment influence slip behavior and uplift along subduction margins are poorly constrained by geophysical observations. Given the complexity of subduction systems, overcoming this gap in knowledge will require a systems-level approach which uses high quality geophysical constraints. We present wide-angle, onshore-offshore seismic data collected along the northern Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, from which P-wave velocities were calculated using active- and passive-sources. A gravity model and reflection profiles were also assembled to create a complete, ~400 km long transect which images the incoming plate, down going slab, overthrusting forearc, and backarc rift. Velocities and gravity modelling help to constrain the lithology of the forearc basement to ~20 km depth. Upper plate lower crustal velocities and reflectivity point to the presence of underplated sediments immediately above the lithospheric mantle nose, suggesting that underplated sediments are driving uplift of the forearc. Comparing these results to geophysical images from the southern Hikurangi margin, we suggest that the backarc rift influences along-strike changes in the compressional stresses experienced by the forearc, driving changes in bending stresses within the subducting slab.